{"id":7220,"date":"2023-07-19T09:56:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T09:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/?p=7220"},"modified":"2023-08-22T14:08:39","modified_gmt":"2023-08-22T14:08:39","slug":"from-the-catalan-manchester-into-an-exemplary-innovation-centre-lessons-from-barcelonas-22-district","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/?p=7220","title":{"rendered":"From the \u201cCatalan Manchester\u201d into an exemplary innovation centre: lessons from Barcelona\u2019s 22@ district"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7220\" class=\"elementor elementor-7220\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52ec59b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" data-id=\"52ec59b7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ede2cbb\" data-id=\"7ede2cbb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e80211 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44e80211\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.4 - 13-04-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Barcelona\u2019s Poblenou district (Spain), which had once been dubbed the \u201cCatalan Manchester\u201d and was the face of Catalonia\u2019s industrial revolution, eventually lost its relevance. Abandoned by both industry and business, no longer attracting investments, it spent several decades simply withering away on the outskirts.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24b2c182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24b2c182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">In the late 20<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: super;\">th<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> century, Barcelona\u2019s municipal government had the idea to return to this district and radically change its present; the ambitious project for the new innovation district was named 22<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">@. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Even though at first sight the Barcelona Innovation District may look like just a typical urban regeneration project, there are multiple ways to breathe life into no longer relevant industrial districts, and the method chosen by Barcelonians is interesting both because of the concept and its successful implementation. Naturally, the entire process involved many discussions and disputes by the stakeholders, but they were the ones who helped discover original solutions that later were adopted at the entire city level.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b id=\"docs-internal-guid-0185644a-7fff-db96-78d4-4ab851c87e43\" style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">From an idea to results in two decades<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">It took huge investments and a lot of time in order to turn the 22@ project into reality. It is one of the largest urban regeneration projects in Europe: during the two-decade-long process, new lease on life was given to no less than 115 city blocks in the area of almost 200 hectares that were transformed from an abandoned post-industrial area into a modern district of technologies and innovations with housing and leisure spaces. The regeneration covered the entire territory: more than 4,500 of already existing buildings, almost 4,000 newly constructed ones and more than 11 hectares of green areas.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">While implementing 22@, the Spaniards sought to preserve the industrial character of the district; therefore, they gave priority to businesses operating in the fields of knowledge and innovations. A model of compact and comprehensive city was developed, where various-purpose objects co-existed: housing units, public service centres, business development zones and green recreational areas. The district\u2019s architectural and industrial heritage was also preserved.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Since the project\u2019s launch, about 4,500 companies have been established at the 22@ innovation district that have created more than 50,000 new jobs. In total, today there are about 90,000 people working in the district, while the number of residents has increased by 22.8 percent.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Became an inspiration for cities of the world<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">22@\u2019s template quickly gained followers: based on its example, similar projects were initiated by other large cities of the world &#8211; everywhere from Rio de Janeiro and Boston to Istanbul.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">According to the data of Trinity College Dublin, 22@ has become an inspiration for more than 80 innovative districts all over the world, and hundreds of visitors from around the globe come there every year to gain experience.<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u201cLooking at the districts whose changes were inspired by Barcelona\u2019s case, two things have to be kept in mind. First, most of them are following the examples of not just Barcelona but also other successful cities of the world, picking and choosing what suits them best in the case of their particular city. Second, Barcelona sought the result of 22@, as it is today, for two decades. Urban transformation is a time-consuming process; thus, in order to evaluate its success or failure, one has to wait for the end result, and this wait may take decades\u201d, says Prof. Ramon Ribera Fumaz from the Open University of Catalonia, who is working in the fields of urban transformations and economics and who devoted a lot of attention to the transformations of Barcelona as well as their analysis.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Constantly shifting and living process<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Prof. Ribera Fumaz notes that the decade-spanning process of the district\u2019s regeneration is constantly changing and evolving: new activities are continuously suggested; the city\u2019s government and its priorities are changing; finally, the stakeholders and their needs shifted as well over those years.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u201cFour phases can be observed in the 22@ project: in 2000\u20132011, the main decisions were dictated by the public and scientific institutions (universities, research centres) as well as companies operating in the city that sought better spaces for their activities and offices. This was the period when a lot of effort was put into attracting foreign talents. 2011\u20132015 was a pause: a less active period due to the global economic crisis and the city government\u2019s turning to other needs. The period of 2015\u20132020 can be described as the time when foreign companies were successfully attracted and consolidated in both the digital and the hospitality business sector. However, gentrification caused many tensions for the local residents in the matters of availability of property and services, the district was flooded with tourists\u201d, the professor singled out the stages of 22@\u2018s regeneration.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">According to him, the situation was slightly modified by the pandemic: on one hand, the regeneration is continuing and companies are willingly settling in the district; on the other hand, gentrification processes are smoothed over by the established practice of remote work as well as by reorganisations within the companies themselves that change the ecosystems of the businesses that operate here.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">A district that turned into a place for testing pilot initiatives<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The international project <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.t-factor.eu\/\" style=\"text-decoration: none;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">T-Factor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, which analyses the activities of Barcelona\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">22@ innovation district and shares the good practices, draws attention to the temporary urbanism practices that have been applied in the district:<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> i.e. the temporary activities and temporary urbanism projects that help increase the attractiveness of the location and its social and economic potential until permanent infrastructure is created there.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Interestingly, temporary activities were not considered during the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">22@ project\u2019s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> initial stages. They came \u201cfrom the bottom-up\u201d, when it was decided to demolish, clean up and reorganise the spaces that the local communities had voluntarily occupied for their own needs (e.g. gardening or an alternative art centre).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">\u201cOf course, such decisions received strong opposition and pressure of public opinion, so [we] had to think about what to do. That\u2019s how the practice of temporary activities was remembered: [only] in the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">@22 district at first<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, and in the entire Barcelona later on, abandoned plots of land or unused buildings were permitted to be used by handing them over to the communities, which can operate there in ways they find acceptable or necessary\u201d, Ribera Fumaz explains. For instance, this is how one of the initiatives, ConnectHort (Connecting Gardens), emerged, which permitted the temporary use of the city\u2019s wastelands and abandoned territories that had grown in number following the 2008 financial crisis. In this way, after the project-initiating architects, urbanists, landscape specialists and neighbourhood resident associations came together, city garden areas were set up where educational gardening workshops are held and spaces open to visitors are available.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Another pilot project, which was tested in the @22 district and resulted in big changes for the entire Barcelona, was called Superilles (Superislands). Its main goal was to turn car-dominated districts, where everything is overshadowed by traffic and parking spaces, into playgrounds and green spaces where people can exercise, spend time pleasantly and gather together.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">At first, the first \u201csuperislands\u201d were developed using simple tools: mobile street furniture, trees planted in pots, columns, street signs; one-sided traffic was introduced. With time, various measures and solutions were tested; some of them gradually became permanent, some of them were proposed by the specialists who were forming the city\u2019s urban face, others by the residents themselves.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Such islands can now be found all over Barcelona; there are plans to create green pedestrian axes that would make it possible to expand this concept to most areas of the city.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Different perspectives and the searches for compatibility of interests<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Naturally, during the project, there were discussions between opposing groups: the latter consisted of the residents of surrounding districts whose streets saw increased traffic and the businesses who lost their clients due to the changes. Some of the residents were angered because the changes were implemented while they were away on vacation and without their knowledge. Others disliked the overall gentrification process in the districts that were undergoing renewal.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">As observed by Prof. Ribera Fumaz, the Barcelonians\u2019 opinions on the changes of the Poblenou district are not unanimous: \u201cThose who see the glass as half-full look at 22<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">@ and claim (not without reason) that Barcelona is a highly important European centre of IT economy, which is capable of attracting talents and investments, and assembling one of the most dynamic and driven ecosystems of IT innovations in Europe. Those who think that the glass is half-empty (once again, not without reason), see 22@ as a district where gentrification, unsustainable tourism and unstable forms of employment have set in\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">While seeking dialogue over the recent years, focus has been increasing on the involvement of the residents in decision-making and change-planning, which would contribute to more sustainable development of this district. For instance, the city council created the Rethink 22<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">@ initiative, which continued for multiple months: workshops and debates were organised, more stakeholders from the local community were sought to be included. In this way, the people living in the district and the community\u2019s movements were not only heard but also their ideas were considered when changing or modifying the district\u2019s development plans.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Barselona\u2019s advice to Lithuania<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">When asked to give advice to a city that wishes to follow in the footsteps of Barcelona\u2019s <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">22@, Professor Ramon Ribera Fumaz said: \u201cLooking at 22@ and other examples of innovative districts in the world, e.g. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Kendall Square in Boston (USA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">, King\u2019s Cross in London (United Kingdom) or Ruta N in Medellin (Colombia), one may very clearly see what Professor Sharon Zukin has described in her latest book while discussing New York\u2019s innovation complex: \u201cThe more successful the innovation complex, the less lively the city becomes\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;\"><br><\/b><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">In Barcelona\u2019s case, the changes to the district\u2019s everyday life caused a lot of dissatisfaction for the local residents. Thus, the first lesson from Barcelona: take the locals into consideration and include them the way Barcelona did with the Rethink <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">22@ initiative. This means that it\u2019s important to not only attract businesses and companies but also to ensure the property market is affordable, and services are accessible to all people living in the district. And the last, but no less important point: don\u2019t forget that changes in the city require time: not a single year, but, often, even decades\u201d.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: normal;\"><\/span><br class=\"Apple-interchange-newline\" style=\"letter-spacing: normal;\"><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ef43722 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ef43722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.6.4 - 13-04-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1360\" height=\"2040\" src=\"https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Media-TIC-pastatas-architektas-Enric-Ruiz-Geli-Barselonos-22@-rajone-photo-by-Karim-Asrim.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Media-TIC-pastatas-architektas-Enric-Ruiz-Geli-Barselonos-22@-rajone-photo-by-Karim-Asrim.jpg 1360w, https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Media-TIC-pastatas-architektas-Enric-Ruiz-Geli-Barselonos-22@-rajone-photo-by-Karim-Asrim-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Media-TIC-pastatas-architektas-Enric-Ruiz-Geli-Barselonos-22@-rajone-photo-by-Karim-Asrim-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Media-TIC-pastatas-architektas-Enric-Ruiz-Geli-Barselonos-22@-rajone-photo-by-Karim-Asrim-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Media-TIC-pastatas-architektas-Enric-Ruiz-Geli-Barselonos-22@-rajone-photo-by-Karim-Asrim-1024x1536.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1360px) 100vw, 1360px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Media-TIC building (architect Enric Ruiz Geli). Photo by Karim Asrim<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-503d7d1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"503d7d1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1091\" height=\"556\" src=\"https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/element_separate-02-e1600864355918-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/element_separate-02-e1600864355918-1.png 1091w, https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/element_separate-02-e1600864355918-1-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/element_separate-02-e1600864355918-1-1024x522.png 1024w, https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/element_separate-02-e1600864355918-1-768x391.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1091px) 100vw, 1091px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Barcelona\u2019s Poblenou district (Spain), which had once been dubbed the \u201cCatalan Manchester\u201d and was the face of Catalonia\u2019s industrial revolution, eventually lost its relevance. Abandoned by both industry and business, no longer attracting investments, it spent several decades simply withering away on the outskirts. In the late 20th century, Barcelona\u2019s municipal government had the idea [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":7221,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[72,36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kaunas___en","category-t-factor-general"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v18.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>From the \u201cCatalan Manchester\u201d into an exemplary innovation centre: lessons from Barcelona\u2019s 22@ district - KAUNAS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aleksotas.t-factor.eu\/?p=7220\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"From the \u201cCatalan Manchester\u201d into an exemplary innovation centre: lessons from Barcelona\u2019s 22@ district - KAUNAS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Barcelona\u2019s Poblenou district (Spain), which had once been dubbed the \u201cCatalan Manchester\u201d and was the face of Catalonia\u2019s industrial revolution, eventually lost its relevance. Abandoned by both industry and business, no longer attracting investments, it spent several decades simply withering away on the outskirts. 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